In a 2020 work on early evolutionists, it is concluded that "Poiret does more to affirm fixity in nature than species transmutation." This characterization of Poiret as a species fixist serves as a cautionary tale of the often-daunting challenges of variant editions and the vagaries of citation in the nineteenth century. Other than a passing reference to Poiret's evolutionism by Frédéric Gérard (also a botanist and evolutionist) in 1844, another brief acknowledgement by Dominique Alexandre Godron in 1847, and a footnote appearance in Darwin's 1861 "Historical Sketch" in the third English edition of On the Origin of Species (pulled from Godron - Darwin never read Poiret's evolutionary speculations), Poiret's name did not otherwise grace a single history of evolutionism in the last 200 years. Poiret devotes an entire chapter ("Des espèces") to examine the concept of species and how new species might form over time. However, it is in Leçons de flore (first edition, 1819-1820 republished as É dition classique, 1823) that Poiret reveals his evolutionist views. Jean Louis Marie Poiret (1755-1834) was a French botanist whose work on the flora of Barbary was followed by major contributions to Encyclopédie méthodique: botanique (1804-1808) and Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois r è gnes de la nature: botanique (1823) both in collaboration with the French evolutionist Jean Baptiste Lamarck. Such zoocentric writings tend to trivialize or even ignore important contributions by botanists and horticulturists to the development of an evolutionary understanding of biodiversity. Much of the history of early evolutionary thought has been written through the eyes of zoologists. The post-Cretaceous increase of cornalean disparity is associated with a shift in morphospace occupation, which can be explained from ecological and developmental perspectives.Indignities in the life and legacy of Jean Louis Marie Poiret, a French botanist and evolutionist of the early nineteenth century. CONCLUSIONS Phylogenetic analyses clearly demonstrate that novel character mosaics of Cretaceous cornaleans play a critical role in resolving deep-node relationships within Cornales. Disparity analyses suggest the morphological diversity of Cornales peaked during the Paleogene. The time-scaled tree indicates that the initial cornalean diversification occurred before 89.8 Ma. Resolution in the fossil inclusive analysis is substantially higher, revealing a basal grade including Loasaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Hydrostachyaceae, Grubbiaceae, a Hironoia+Amersinia clade, and Curtisiaceae, respectively, that leads to a core group containing a clade comprising a Cretaceous grade leading to clade of Nyssaceae, Mastixiaceae, and Davidiaceae that is sister to a Cornaceae+Alangiaceae clade. KEY RESULTS Fossil inclusive and exclusive parsimony analyses resulted in well-resolved deep-node relationships within Cornales. Disparity analyses were utilized to infer the morphological evolution of cornaleans with drupaceous fruits. A fossil inclusive tree was time-scaled to visualize the timing of the initial cornalean radiation. Parsimony analyses including and excluding fossils were conducted. METHODS A morphological matrix of 77 fruit characters and 58 taxa (24 extinct) was assembled. Herein, fossils are directly incorporated in phylogenetic and quantitative morphological analyses to reconstruct early cornalean evolution. Recent paleobotanical studies, however, have begun to shed light on the early diversification of Cornales. PREMISE OF THE STUDY The basal asterid order, Cornales, experienced a rapid radiation during the Cretaceous, which has made it difficult to elucidate the early evolution of the order using extant taxa only.
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